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A Dictionary of the Iranian Verb [Cheung] :

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Root: *tuH-

Prefixed form: *tuH-

Meaning: to be able, strong

Avestan: tauu- (t³¢-)

Kellens, Liste: 26

Avestan paradigm: Pres. athem.: IND. med. 3sg. LAv. t³ite ( V 13.8), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. tauuƒ ( Y 28.4, Y 50.11), 3sg. LAv. frƒtauuat_ ( Vyt 51), 3pl. ? LAv. (them.!) tauua§n ( V 6.51), OPT. 2sg. LAv. fratuiiƒ† ( Y 9.29); Perf.: IND. 3sg. LAv. t³tauua ( V 6.32); Partic.: pres. LAv. tuuan·t- ( V 3.33)

Old Persian: tav- `to be strong'

Kent, OP: 186a

Old Persian paradigm: Partic.: pres. nu- (?) tunuvant- <tu-u-nu-v-t-> ( DB 4.65), <tu-u-nu-v-t-> ( DNb 9); Caus.: IND. 3sg. tƒvayatiy <t-a-v-y-t-[i]-y> ( DNb 33), impf. 1sg. atƒvayam <a-t-a-v-y-m> ( DNb 47)

Middle Persian: (+ *pati-) MMP pt'y- `to remain, continue; endure'

Middle Persian paradigm: s.v. *pati-tuH-

Parthian: (nomin.) t'wg `strong' ( M33 II Vii,5(106), M32a I R,1, M6232 I V,7, etc.), (+ *us-) ?`st'w- `to weaken', (+ *pati-) pt'w- `to bear, tolerate; (?) to remain, insist on1'

Ghilain, Essai: 76 f.

Parthian paradigm: s.vv. *us-tuH-, *pati-tuH-

Khotanese: LKhot. tvƒn~- (tvƒ§n~-) `to strengthen', (nomin.) LKhot. tvƒ§n~ƒka- `strengthener' ( Si 16v3 KT 1.26)

Emmerick, SGS: 41

Khotanese paradigm: MED.; Caus.: pres. A (Ve) IND. 3sg. LKhot. tvƒ§n~„ ( JP 85r1 KT 1.169), LKhot. tvƒ§n~e ( Si 14v2 KT 1.22), 3pl. LKhot. tvƒn~ƒre ( P 4099.223 KBT 124)

Sogdian: (nomin.) BSogd. t'w'nty ( SCE 10), MSogd. t'wndyy `strong, powerful', (+ pati-) BSogd. pt'w-, MSogd. pt'w- `to endure'

New West Iranian: NP tavƒnistan/tavƒn- `to be able'

Footnotes: 1Cf. Sundermann 1981\x: 169a: "Die Bedeutung ,,bleiben'' ist fµr mp. patt³dan wohl bezeugt ..., fµr parthT. patt³dan, pattƒw- ist m. W. jedoch ... nur ,,erdulden, ertragen'' belegt".


Root: *ƒ-nau¸-

Parthian: (caus.) 'n'w- `to set into motion'

Ghilain, Essai: 77

Parthian paradigm: Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. 'n'wynd ( M77 II V,4(25)), pret. IND. 3sg. 'n'w'd ( M33 I Vi,8(34))


Root: *baj¹-

Meaning: to break

Middle Persian: (nomin.) MMP bxt-gyh

Parthian: (nomin.) bx«'dnft `schism'

Khotanese: b³s·s·- `to give, distribute'

Emmerick, SGS: 103

Khotanese paradigm: Pres. ?: INJ. 1sg. OKhot. b³s·s·u ( Z 2.129), OPT. 1sg. b³s·s·„ ( Z 2.127), 3sg. OKhot. b³s·„ ( Kha 1.13 146v2 KBT 6), IMPV. 2sg. OKhot. b³s·s·a ( Z 2.100); Perf.: tr. 3sg. m. OKhot. b³te ( Z 13.84), 1pl. LKhot. buvƒm·d³m· ( P 2031.16 KT 2.84), 3pl. LKhot. buvƒm·de ( JS 27r2); Partic.: perf. pass. OKhot. b³ta- ( Z 14.11), LKhot. buva-

Sogdian: (nomin.) MSogd. bxt-wnyy `internal conflict, schisma'

New East Iranian: Pash. (nomin.) wat `break, hole'

Sanskrit cognates: bhan~j- `to break' (RV+)

Indo-European reconstruction: *bheg-


Root: *band-

Meaning: to bind

Avestan: LAv. ban·d- `to bind'

Kellens, Liste: 37

Avestan paradigm: Pres. {1}ai¸a-: IND. 3sg. LAv. ban·daiieiti ( V 22.5, V 5.8, f.), INJ. 3sg. LAv. ban·daiiat_ ( Y 11.7, Yt 19.77), med. 3sg. LAv. ban·daiiata ( Yt 5.128), SUBJ. 1sg. LAv. ban·daiieni ( Yt 9.18), 3sg. LAv. ban·daiiƒiti ( Vn 96), LAv. ban·daiiƒt_ ( Y 11.7); Pres. {2} them.: IND. 1sg. LAv. ban·dƒmi ( Yt 4.5)

Old Persian: bas- `to bind', (nomin.) bandaka- `subject, servant' <b-d-k-> ( DB 2.20, DB 2.30, DB 2.49, etc.), (+ *u¸i-) (nomin.) ? El-OP hh.mi-ban-da PN (= OP *vibanda-, Gershevitch apud Hintz 1975: 259; Hinz-Koch 1987: 919)

Kent, OP: 199b

Old Persian paradigm: Partic.: perf. pass. basta- <b-s-t> ( DB 1.82, DB 2.75, DB 2.90, DB 5.26)

Middle Persian: MMP bn- `to bind, fetter', (nomin.) MMP bnd `chain, fetter' ( M9 II V,17, | M781+M1314+M1315 I V,14(25)|), MMP bny«n `binding, connection' ( M9 II V,2, M9 II V,6, M9 II V,9), MMP bnyst''n ( M7981 I Vi,34, M482 a V,13(181)), MMP bnyst''n `prison' ( M7984 II Vi,15, M7981 I Vii,17)

Middle Persian paradigm: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP xbynyd (| M101 e 1,7(117)|), 3pl. MMP bynynd ( M263f+M292+M5228 II Aii,7(874)), SUBJ. 2sg. MMP xbynyh_ (| M472 II R,8(536)|), 3pl. MMP byn'nd ( M7983 I Vii,2); Partic.: perf. pass. MMP bstg ( M74 I R,20, M475 a V,9(81)), MMP bst ( M7981 I Vii,31, v. foll.), bst· (v. foll.); Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP bst xbwyd (| M537aI+M473c II V,21(45)|), SUBJ. 3sg. MMP bst bw'd ( M476? a R,2(386), | M476? a R,14(398)|), 3pl. MMP bst b''nd ( M7981 I Vii,19), pret. IND. 3sg. MMP bst ( M7982 I Rii,8, M7982 I Vii,20, S12 I b,51, etc.), MMP bst· ( S9 I Ra=Ri,14, S9 I Ra=Ri,22, M101 j 1,9(31), M101 b 2,2(146)), 3pl. MMP bst hynd ( M7984 II Vi,8, M1001+M1012+M1013etc. II Riii,19(64), M100 II Vii,14(761)), perf. IND. 1sg. MMP bstg bwd hym `I was bound' ( M475 a V,9(81)), 3sg. (pres.-stat.) MMP bst `styd ( M9 II R,18), 3pl. MMP bst bwd hynd ( M7981 I Rii,24), pperf. IND. 3sg. MMP bst 'n'd ( S9 I Rb=Rii,14); Inf.: MMP bstn ( M101 l 1,4(45), M100 II Vii,12(759))

Parthian: bnd- `to bind', IParth. bs- `to construct (a bridge)', (nomin.) bnd `chain, prison' ( M2 II Vi,3(77), M7 I Ri,28, M33 II Rii,6(73), etc.), bndg `slave' ( M5815 I Rii,24(50), M291a I A,5(5), M499+M706+M334b II R,13(52), M333 II V,3(94)), bstg `bound' ( M7 I Ri,27, | M4573 II Vii,13(1114)|, | M8828 d R,2a|), (+ *pati-) pdbs- `to bind', (nomin.) pdbnd `bar, clamp' ( M673 a V,26a, M518 a R,1b), (+ *fra-) frbs- `to close, clog, stop up', (+ *u¸i-) wbstn `to untie'1, (nomin.) ? wbndg `snare' (also poss. w- < *au¸a- ?, M523a-c I V,4), (+ *ham-) 'mbs- `tresser'

Ghilain, Essai: 54 f.

Parthian paradigm: Pres.: IND. 3sg. bndyd ( M93 II V,11b, ff., M240 II V,3, f., M240 II V,6, etc.), 3pl. bndynd ( M2 II Vi,4(78), M333 II V,8(99)); Partic.: perf. pass. bst ( M2 II Rii,34(71), M42 II Vi,17(69), M291a I A,6(6), etc.), IParth. bsty (NPi 29, |MNFd 6|); Inf.: IParth. bstny (MNFd 3); s.vv. *pati-band-, *fra-band-,

Khotanese: ban~- (bas-) `to bind', (+ *pati-) paban~- (pabas-) `to bind', (+ *ham-) OKhot. ham·ban~- (ham·bas-) `to compose', (intr./pass.) LKhot. *ham·bad- (ham·bet-) `to stop'

Emmerick, SGS: 92, 71, 142

Khotanese paradigm: Pres. A (Va): IND. 3sg. OKhot. ban~„te ( Z 11.36, Z 11.50), OKhot. ban~ite ( Z 13.28, Z 24.444), 3pl. OKhot. ban~–ndi ( Z 22.324); Perf.: tr. 3sg. m. OKhot. baste ( Z 5.31), 3pl. OKhot. bastƒndi ( Z 23.21), LKhot. ba'stƒda ( P 4099.124 KBT 119); Partic.: perf. pass. OKhot. basta- ( Z 4.67); Inf: LKhot. bas´ti ( P 2787.85 KT 2.104); Pass.: pres. C (Vc) IND. 3sg. OKhot. baitt„, 3pl. OKhot. baind„ ( Z 3.107, Z 22.273); s.vv. *pati-band-, *ham-band-

Sogdian: BSogd. bynt, CSogd. bynt, MSogd. bynd `to bind', (pass.) BSogd. by‹- `to be impeded, restricted', (nomin.) BSogd. bnt `bond, attachment' ( Dhu. 202(N)), BSogd. bnt ( SCE 362), MSogd. bnd `prison', CSogd. bntt (pl.) `bond, fetter' ( C2 22R.7, C2 22R.9), BSogd. bnt'k ( SCE 373), SSogd. bntk (m.) ( AL 2.35, AL 2.42, AL 2.53, etc.), BSogd. bntk ( SCE 341, P1 7V.162, P1 12R.417, etc.), CSogd. bnty (m.) `servant, slave' ( C2 51R.19, C2 66V.3, C2 27R.6), MSogd. bynd `closure', (+ *ƒ-) BSogd.*''bnd- `to bind, join', (nomin.) CSogd. 'bnt `union' ( C2 14R.20), (+ *pati-) BSogd. pcbynt `to join, connect', BSogd. ptb'ynt, CSogd. ptbynt `to answer, reply', (nomin.) SSogd. pcbnt (m.) ( AL 2.33, f.), BSogd. pcb'nt `answer, reply' ( Vim. 21, Vim. 65, Dhu. 14, etc.), (+ *pari-) (nomin.) CSogd. prbnty (m.) `burden' ( C2 27V.3), (+ *u¸i-) (nomin.) CSogd. wbnty (m.) `snare' ( C2 12R.4)

Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. bynt ( SCE 116), BSogd. byntt ( Dhy. 171), SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. bynt't ( Dhy. 19, ff., Dhy. 53, Dhy. 85, Dhy. 194), ? CSogd. byntyt ( C2 22R.10), OPT. 3sg. BSogd. bynt'y ( Dhy. 31), CSogd. bynty ( C2 25V.9); Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. bynt ( P1 5R.93), MSogd. byynd ( M133 Ri.14), 3pl. BSogd. bynt'nt ( P1 24R.873, P1 37V.1356, P1 38V.1439), CSogd. byntnt ( C2 17R.1), 3pl. MSogd. ­ynd'nd ( M7800 IR.2 = KawG: 68); Fut.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. byndmq'm ( TIID117 V.32 = Sogd.Tales: 473); Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. bsty ( C2 13V.23, C2 22V.3, C2 25V.16, C2 51V.14), (Asg.) CSogd. bstw ( C2 69R.30), (pl.) CSogd. bstyt ( C2 25R.2); Inf.: BSogd. bynt'y ( SCE 401), pret. BSogd. bsty ( P1 35V.1239), CSogd. bsty ( C2 22R.13, C2 22V.3); Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. by‹'yt ( SCE 34, SCE 415), (periphr.) SUBJ. 3pl. CSogd. bnt· byst·yt· `let (your loins) be girded about' ( C5 19R.1), OPT. 3sg. MSogd. bstyy xwbyy `(if someone) would be refused' ( M139 V.6(31) = BBB: 50), pret. IND. 3pl. SSogd. ('krt'nt) bst'kt `(were) bound' ( \X1 iiR.1), fut. IND. 2pl. SSogd. bstyty bw‹'k'm `you will be bound' ( 18248 IR.15 = Magi: 138), 3pl. SSogd. bstyty bntk'm `they will be bound' ( 18248 IV.44 = Magi: 138), perf. intr. IND. 3pl. MSogd. bstyt xnd `are bound' ( M178 IIV.123); s.v. *pati-band-

Chorasmian: (+ *uz-) (intr./pass.) m|zfsy- `to become complicated, obscure, difficult (of speeches)', (caus.) m|zBncy- `to complicate, make complicated, obscure (of speeches)'

Samadi, Verbum: 263

Chorasmian paradigm: s.v. *uz-band-

New West Iranian: NP bastan/band- `to bind, tie', Kurd. (Hewr.) bend `to bind', (+ *pati-) NP payvastan/payvand- `to join, attach to', (nomin.) payvand `joint, union'

New East Iranian: Yaghn. vant-/vasta `to bind'

Footnotes: 1Quoted in Henning 1937: 88.


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *ƒ-band-

Sogdian: BSogd.*''bnd-, CSogd. 'bynt- `to bind, join', (nomin.) CSogd. 'bnt `union' ( C2 14R.20)

Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. 'byntnt ( C2 31V.24, C2 40V.10, C2 40V.21); Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ''b'stk `bound, joined, permanent' ( VJ 868, VJ 871), CSogd. 'bst- `attached, fixed, permanent, constant' ( C2 31R.29, C2 108R.7, C2 40V.22, etc.)


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *uz-band-

Chorasmian: (intr./pass.) m|zfsy- `to become complicated, obscure, difficult (of speeches)', (caus.) m|zBncy- `to complicate, make complicated, obscure (of speeches)'

Samadi, Verbum: 263, 262

Chorasmian paradigm: Impf.: IND. 3sg. mzfsyd ( 388.1, 498.2, 498.7, 499.1); Caus.: impf. IND. 3sg. mzBncyd ( 392.7)


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *pati-band-

Meaning: to bind, join

Middle Persian: MMP pyws- `to connect, tie', (nomin.) MMP pywn `connection, tie' ( M7982 I Vi,12, M7983 I Ri,33)

Middle Persian paradigm: Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pywst (v. foll.); Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. MMP pywst ( M7982 I Vi,13, M7983 I Ri,34, | M1001+M1012+M1013etc. II Vi,15(99)), 3pl. MMP pywst hynd ( M49 II R,6)

Parthian: pdbs- `to bind', (nomin.) pdbnd `bar, clamp' ( M673 a V,26a, M518 a R,1b)

Ghilain, Essai: 55

Parthian paradigm: Partic.: perf. pass. pdbst ( TIIK d V,13a)

Khotanese: paban~- (pabas-) `to bind', (nomin.) OKhot. pabana- `connexion' ( Z 5.81)

Emmerick, SGS: 71

Khotanese paradigm: Pres. A/B (Va): IND. 3pl. LKhot. paban~–da ( P 4099.281 KBT 127); Partic.: perf. pass. pabast„ `continously' ( P 2801.6 KT 3.65)

Sogdian: BSogd. pcbynt `to join, connect', BSogd. ptb'ynt, CSogd. ptbynt `to answer, reply', MSogd. ptb'ynt `to prolong; connect; overtake, join', (nomin.) SSogd. pcbnt (m.) ( AL 2.33, f.), BSogd. pcb'nt `answer, reply' ( Vim. 21, Vim. 65, Dhu. 14, etc.), BSogd. pcb'nty ( BST 118), SSogd. pcb'nty `in turn' ( MKG 467)

Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. pcbynt'y ( Dhy. 104(N)); Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptb'ynt ( P1 10V.292), BSogd. ptb'yntt ( P1 10V.290), CSogd. ptbynt ( C2 23R.29), MSogd. pcybynd ( M760R.2); Perf.: intr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. pt·bst·t·yy 'st·yh_ `is connected' ( M363 V.6(16) = KawK: 71); Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. xptbyst'k `connected' ( MKG 421)

Chorasmian: pcbncy- `to bind together', (pass.) to be bound together'

Samadi, Verbum: 139

Chorasmian paradigm: Impf.: IND. 3sg. p'cbncyd ( 80.5, 131.7, 132.1), 3pl. p'cbncy'r ( 489.5); Partic.: perf. pass. pcbstk ² ( 432.4), (f.) pcbtc ( 359.1); Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. p'cfsd ( 428.8), P'cfsd ( 446.2)

New West Iranian: NP payvastan/payvand- `to join, attach to', (nomin.) payvand `joint, union'


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *pari-band-

Sogdian: (nomin.) CSogd. prbnty (m.) `burden' ( C2 27V.3)

Comments: Sogd. prbnty is apparently the source of Toch. perpente `burden, load' (K.T. Schmidt, apud Sims-Williams 1984: 63).


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *fra-band-

Meaning: to close, stop up ?

Parthian: frbs- `to close, clog, stop up'

Ghilain, Essai: 55

Parthian paradigm: Partic.: perf. pass. frbst· ( M6 II Rii,22(52))


Root: *band-

Prefixed form: *ni-band-

Meaning: to attach, connect

Middle Persian: ? MMP nwn- `to connect', (nomin.) MMP nwny«n `connection' ( M7982 I Vi,12, M7983 I Ri,33, M1004+M1005+M1008+M1010 II Viii,21(422))

Middle Persian paradigm: Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. ? MMP xnwn'nd (| M464c II Ai,5(5)|1)

Sogdian: BSogd. nb'ynt `to attach', (nomin.) BSogd. 'nb'nt `attachment, hindrance' ( Vim. 6, Vim. 197, Dhu. 63)

Chorasmian: m|nbncy- `to swear (oath)'

Samadi, Verbum: 118

Chorasmian paradigm: Impf.: IND. 3sg. mnbncyd ( 384.1)

New East Iranian: (nomin.) Oss. I. nyvond, D. nivond `sacrifice'

Footnotes: 1Context unclear.


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